Tuye^?n Ta^.p Tho+ Va(n Suo^'i Nguo^`n 013

Pha't ha`nh va`o mo^~i thu+' Hai dda^`u tha'ng

copyright (C) 2000 by respective authors

02-10-2000

I-THO+ TUYE^?N

01. Buo^`n Ta`n Ha.

_____Hoa`i Ta^m

02. Ti`m DDo^` Cu~

_____ Duy DDi.nh

03. La' Chie^`u

_____TVu~

04. Gia^'c Mo^.ng Hie^`n

_____Die^n Vy~

05. Tra(ng Thu Nho+' Nha`

_____Nguye^n DDo^~

06. La`m Sao Hie^?u DDu+o+.c

_____Thu?y Tie^n

07. To^i Kha'ch Dda Ti`nh...

_____Ca`nh Cong

08. Em Cha(?ng Pha?i Giai Nha^n

_____LaLan

09. Tra(ng Thu

_____Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng

10. La.c Giu+~a Tro+`i Thu

_____Hoa`i Ca?m

11. Nho+' Em

_____Ha`n The^' Cha^u

12. Mu`a Tra(ng

_____Vo~ Nguye^~n Nhu+ Quy`nh

13. Be' Cho+` Ddo+.i Ai ?

_____Ta^`n Khanh

14. La.c Lo^'i Trong DDe^m

_____Pha.m Doanh

15. No^~i Buo^`n Cay DDa('ng

_____Kha?i Nguye^~n

16. DDo^i Khi Anh Que^n Kho^ng No'i ?

_____Ti.nh Ta^m

17. Ne^'u

_____Phu+o+ng Trie^`u

II-VA(N TUYE^?N

1. Cha(?ng No+. Na^`n Gi` Nhau

_____Tra^`m Hu+o+ng

2. Quy? So^'ng

_____Phan DDu+'c Thua^.n

3. Ca'i No+ Hi`nh Con Bu+o+'m

_____Cao Xua^n Ly'

4. O^ng Ky` La^n (Pha^`n 2)

_____Tra^`n Long Ho^`

III- TIN TU+'C VA(N HO.C NGHE^. THUA^.T

1. DDe^m Ra Ma('t Tranh - Tho+ - Truye^.n Ta.i Cali va` Houston

_____Tho+ tho+

2. DDie^?m Qua Sinh Hoa.t Va(n Nghe^. Ta.i California

_____Ngo^ Nguye^.t Die^.u

IV- LA' THU+ CA'C NU+O+'C

La' Thu+ A^u Cha^u

_____Tra^`n Quang Ha?i

V-CA^U CHUYE^.N HA`NG THA'NG

Nhie^~m Sa('c The^? & DDo+`i So^'ng Con Ngu+o+`i

_____Le^ Vie^.t DDie^?u

VI- GO'C TRO+`I THI NHA.C

01. Ho.a Si~ Nguye^~n Mai Phu+o+ng va` Nghe^. Thua^.t Cu?a Tho+`i DDa.i DDie^.n Toa'n

_____Tho+ tho+

02. DDo^i Ne't ve^` Va(n-Ho.a si~ Nguye^~n Tro.ng Kho^i

_____Tho+ tho+

VII- VO`NG QUANH THE^' GIO+'I

Co^.ng Ho`a Lie^n Bang DDu+'c

_____Pha.m Minh DDu+'c

VIII- NHU+~NG TA^'M LO`NG VA`NG

Ke^u Go.i DDo'ng Go'p Giu'p Chu`a Thie^n A^n

_____pha^.t tu+? Die^.u Ta^m

IX- GO'C TRO+`I QUE^ HU+O+NG

Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao No+i Ta^m Ti`nh Ngu+o+`i Vie^.t

_____La~ Mo^.ng Thu+o+`ng

X- LI.CH SU+? TIE^?U THUYE^'T TRU+O+`NG KY`

Anh Hu`ng DDo^ng-A Du+.ng Co+` Bi`nh Mo^ng (Ho^`i 7)

_____Tra^`n DDa.i Sy~

XI- TA?N MA.N VA(N CHU+O+NG

1. Ta va` Chi'nh Ta

_____DDu+'c Tri' Que^' Anh

2. Thu+ Gu+?i Con

_____Vu~ Thi An

3. Cha^n Dung Ngu+o+`i Tha^`y

_____Nguye^~n Thanh Thu`y

4. Mu+a Phu+o+ng Na`y Kho^ng Gio^'ng Phu+o+ng Kia

_____To'c Mai

XII- SA'CH, BA'O MO+'I

1. Ve^` Mie^`n Sa^u Tha(?m

2. Chu? DDe^`

XIII- GIO+'I THIE^.U WEBSITE
DDa^'t Vie^.t

XIV- NHA('N TIN LIE^N MA.NG

Nha('n Tin Lie^n Ma.ng

Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao No+i Ta^m Ti`nh Ngu+o+`i Vie^.t
_____________________________________ La~ Mo^.ng Thu+o+`ng


Ai cu~ng thu+o+`ng mo+ u+o+'c hay co^' ga('ng thu+.c hie^.n dde^? dda.t ddu+o+.c nhu+~ng gi` mi`nh thi'ch, hoa(.c muo^'n vi` chu+a co' ma(.c da^`u chu+a bie^'t cha('c ddie^`u mo+ u+o+'c co' ddem la.i lo+.i i'ch hay kho^ng, ngu+o+.c la.i, coi thu+o+`ng nhu+~ng gi` mi`nh co' va` ddang ddu+o+.c thu. hu+o+?ng. Cha(?ng ha.n, du`ng chie^'c xe cu~, chu'ng ta muo^'n co' chie^'c xe mo+'i, tie^.n nghi ho+n, dde.p ho+n va` coi bo^. oai ho+n... ne^n dda^u dde^? y' hoa(.c nha^.n ra chie^'c xe cu~ dda~ va` ddang giu'p chu'ng ta ra^'t nhie^`u ve^` phu+o+ng tie^.n di chuye^?n. Chie^'c xe cu?a to^i dda~ bu+o+'c va`o tuo^?i "la~o tha`nh," so+n tro'c nham nho+?, kie^'ng tru+o+'c ra.n nu+'t hai ddu+o+`ng ngoa(`n ngoe`o; mo^~i khi ddo'ng cu+?a xe, to^i la.i co' co+ ho^.i ta^.p the^? thao cho ddo^i ca'nh tay. Nhu+ng khi cho+? go^~ su+?a nha` tre^n mui, y' nghi~ so sa'nh giu+~a co^ng du.ng xe cu~ va` mo+'i cho+.t dde^'n bo+?i ne^'u no' la` chie^'c xe mo+'i co' le~ kho^ng bao gio+` to^i da'm cho+? tre^n mui nhu+ the^' ma` la.i pha?i to^'n tie^`n mu+o+'n cho+?. Thu+.c te^' ho+n, co' le~ i't khi chu'ng ta nghi~ dde^'n gia' tri. cu?a kho^ng khi' trong cuo^.c so^'ng, coi su+. tho+? hi't khi' tro+`i la` chuye^.n bi`nh thu+o+`ng, kho^ng co' chi dda'ng no'i. DDo^i khi nghe.t mu~i cu~ng chi? lo gia?i quye^'t sao cho mu~i tho^ng chu+' i't ngu+o+`i dda(.t va^'n dde^` gia? su+? kho^ng co' kho^ng khi'. Co' pha?i su+. tho+? hi't kho^ng khi' la` mo^.t su+. tu+. nhie^n cu?a mo.i sinh va^.t ne^n vi` the^' hie^'m ai dde^? y' dde^'n?

Cu~ng va^.y, la` ngu+o+`i Vie^.t Nam, ddu+o+.c nuo^i du+o+~ng trong gia ddi`nh Vie^.t, lo+'n le^n trong y' thu+'c ngu+o+`i Vie^.t, ddu+o+.c hun ddu'c, da.y do^~ tu+` no+i gia ddi`nh, xa~ ho^.i, mo^i tru+o+`ng so^'ng vo+'i ta^m ti`nh Vie^.t ne^n co' the^? chu'ng ta kho^ng dde^? y' dde^'n gia' tri. cu?a mi`nh. Thu+? dda(.t ca^u ho?i, gia' tri. cu?a gia ddi`nh Vie^.t Nam go^`m co' nhu+~ng ddie^?m na`o va` a?nh hu+o+?ng the^' na`o ddo^'i vo+'i cuo^.c ddo+`i cu?a mo^.t ngu+o+`i Vie^.t? Du` co^' ga('ng ca'ch ma^'y, to^i ca?m tha^'y, chu'ng ta chi? co' the^? nghi~ to+'i ddu+o+.c va`i pha^`n tra(m la` cu`ng.

Co' ddie^`u hay ma` kho^ng bie^'t thi` la`m sao bie^'t ddu+o+.c ddie^`u do+? cu?a mi`nh? Kho^ng bie^'t ddie^`u hay cu?a mi`nh la`m sao nha^.n ddi.nh ddu+o+.c ddie^`u hay cu?a ngu+o+`i kha'c dde^? ho.c theo. Vie^'t ve^` Hu+o+ng Hoa Da^n Vie^.t, to^i muo^'n du`ng Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao dde^? ne^u le^n nhu+~ng ddie^?m cao dde.p sa(~n co' no+i va(n ho'a da^n Vie^.t cu`ng vo+'i he^. tho^'ng gia ddi`nh ma` chu'ng ta ddang thu+`a hu+o+?ng va` ba?o ve^. ha^`u mong truye^`n tho^'ng to^'t la`nh na`y ddu+o+.c nha^.n ra ro~ ho+n ddo^`ng tho+`i na^ng cao nie^`m ha~nh die^.n ve^` gia' tri. da^n to^.c; gia' tri. ddang cha^'t chu+'a trong tu+`ng lo+'p xu+o+ng, tu+`ng tho+' thi.t no+i mo^~i ngu+o+`i mang do`ng ma'u ddo? da va`ng da^n Vie^.t.

Ca('p sa'ch dde^'n tru+o+`ng lu'c co`n nho?, kho^ng ai co' the^? que^n nhu+~ng ta^'m ba?ng bi`a cu+'ng xinh xa('n da'n no+i lo+'p ho.c. DDa.i kha'i nhu+~ng ba?ng hie^.u na`y ddu+o+.c ghi le^n nhu+~ng ca^u Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao ve^` lua^n ly'; cha(?ng ha.n: TIE^N HO.C LE^~, HA^.U HO.C VA(N; KHO^NG THA`Y DDO^' MA`Y LA`M NE^N; UO^'NG NU+O+'C NHO+' NGUO^`N, v.v... Nhu+~ng ba?ng ca'ch ngo^n lua^n ly' ghi la.i nhu+~ng cha^m ngo^n cao dde.p ve^` gia' tri. dda(.c ti'nh ngu+o+`i Vie^.t vo+'i mu.c ddi'ch giu'p cho ho.c sinh ghi nho+' na(`m lo`ng ta^m ti`nh lua^n ly' so^'ng ma` mo^.t ngu+o+`i Vie^.t Nam "ddu'ng nghi~a" ne^n noi theo va` thu+.c hie^.n trong cuo^.c ddo+`i cu?a mi`nh. DDa^y chi'nh la` mo^.t pha^`n va(n ho'a tinh tha^`n mo.i ngu+o+`i thu+o+`ng no'i dde^'n nhu+ng i't khi dde^? y' vi` dda~ qua' quen thuo^.c na(`m lo`ng va` bo+?i hay lo^.n nghi~a chu+~ va(n ho'a va` va(n minh. Va(n ho'a bao go^`m va(n minh. Va(n ho'a la` lo^'i so^'ng bie^?u hie^.u ta^m tu+ lua^n ly'. Va(n ho'a bao go^`m phong tu.c ta^.p qua'n, ngo^n ngu+~ va` nhu+~ng sa?n pha^?m cao dde.p cu?a cuo^.c so^'ng lua^n ly' no+i con ngu+o+`i. Cuo^.c so^'ng con ngu+o+`i ddu+o+.c uo^'n na('n bo+?i va(n ho'a da^`u va(n ho'a do chi'nh cuo^.c so^'ng no^.i ta^m va` thu+.c ta.i ta.o tha`nh.

Nhu+~ng da^n to^.c A' DDo^ng no'i chung va` ngu+o+`i Vie^.t no'i rie^ng, tu+ tu+o+?ng va` cuo^.c so^'ng ddi ddo^i vo+'i nhau. Mi`nh tro.ng cuo^.c so^'ng minh chu+'ng quan nie^.m, chie^`u hu+o+'ng, tu+ tu+o+?ng chu+' kho^ng ta'ch ro+`i tu+ tu+o+?ng kho?i cuo^.c so^'ng nhu+ Ta^y A^u. DDie^`u na`y ddu+o+.c nha^.n tha^'y ro~ ra`ng no+i chi'nh cuo^.c so^'ng thu+o+`ng nga`y. Chu'ng ta kho^ng ca^`n gia^'y to+`, chi? mo^.t lo+`i no'i ddo+n so+, ngu+o+`i kha'c co' the^? tin mi`nh hay kho^ng tu`y thuo^.c va`o xu+a nay mi`nh dda~ so^'ng the^' na`o. Do ddo', ngu+o+`i Vie^.t kho^ng co' sa'ch da.y so^'ng ma` chi? co' Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao. Cha(?ng ha.n: "Co' ddi co' la.i mo+'i toa.i lo`ng nhau," "Ye^u nhau tra'i a^'u cu~ng tro`n, ghe't nhau bo^` ho`n cu~ng me'o," hay "Ga('p lu+?a bo? ba`n tay," hoa(.c "Mo^.t ca^u nhi.n ba(`ng chi'n ca^u la`nh." v.v... Nhu+~ng sa'ch me^.nh danh "ho.c la`m ngu+o+`i" sau na`y, xe't ra mang dda(.c ti'nh qua' ha.n he.p ne^'u kho^ng muo^'n no'i la` dda~ coi con ngu+o+`i nhu+ nhu+~ng bo^. ma'y ra^.p khuo^n ca'c co^ng thu+'c theo lo^'i nhi`n, quan nie^.m mo^.t chie^`u. Ta^m ti`nh con ngu+o+`i dda^u pha?i nhu+ nhu+~ng bo^. ma'y ddu+o+.c che^' sa(~n theo mo^.t khuo^n ma^~u thi` la`m sao co' the^? ra^.p va`o nhu+~ng co^ng thu+'c nhu+ mo^.t co^.ng vo+'i mo^.t la` hai cu?a DDa('c Nha^n Ta^m, cu?a La`m The^' Na`o DDe^? Tro+? Tha`nh Ngu+o+`i DDa`n Ba` Tuye^.t Vo+`i, v.v... Cuo^.c so^'ng kho^ng pha?i chi? co' nhu+~ng ma^~u mu+.c ddu'ng va` sai ddo^'i nghi.ch nhu+ tra('ng vo+'i dden, ma` thu+o+`ng thi` trong ca'i ddu'ng bao ha`m ca'i kho^ng ho+.p ly'. Nguye^n nha^n cu?a mo^.t su+. vie^.c ddem dde^'n su+. sai la^`m la.i cu~ng chu+'a ddu+.ng nhu+~ng ye^'u to^' ddu'ng. Su+. sai la^`m co' the^? la` ke^'t qua? cu?a su+. thie^'u ho`a ho+.p cu?a ca'c pha^`n tu+?, ye^'u to^' ma` tho^i. Kinh nghie^.m so^'ng cho chu'ng ta bie^'t, nhu+~ng su+. vie^.c chu'ng ta pha?i ddu+o+ng dda^`u gia?i quye^'t, cu~ng nhu+ ca'ch ddo^'i xu+? giu+~a ngu+o+`i vo+'i ngu+o+`i cha(?ng hoa`n toa`n tra('ng ma` cu~ng kho^ng hoa`n toa`n dden; chu'ng nu+?a no., nu+?a kia, hoa(.c gia` be^n na`y, non be^n kia. Nhu+ the^', mo^.t co^.ng vo+'i mo^.t ddo^'i vo+'i cuo^.c so^'ng co' the^? kho^ng pha?i la` hai ma` la` ba hay bo^'n hoa(.c ho+n ke'm. La^'y mo^.t thi' du. ddie^?n hi`nh ve^` gia'o du.c con ca'i. Cha me. tu`y tu+`ng lu'c, tu`y no+i cho^'n hay mo^i tru+o+`ng ma` nghie^m nga(.t hay khoan ho`a ddo^'i vo+'i con ca'i chu+' kho^ng pha?i lu'c na`o cu~ng kho' kha(n, hu`ng ho^? nhu+ qua^n ha(`n qua^n thu` hoa(.c ngu+o+.c la.i lu'c na`o cu~ng nhe. nha`ng de^~ chi.u la`m lo+ cho con ca'i hu+ ddi. Cha me. na`o kho^ng thu+o+ng con; the^' ta.i sao pha?i su+?a pha.t? Kho^ng co' ly' thuye^'t na`o coi bo^. nghi.ch ly', nghi.ch ti`nh nhu+ ca^u: "Thuo^'c dda('ng dda~ ta^.t" hay "Thu+o+ng con cho roi cho vo.t, ghe't con cho ngo.t cho bu`i." The^' ta.i sao nhu+~ng ca^u coi bo^. ba^'t thu+o+`ng na`y la.i la` ma^~u mu+.c ba^'t hu? cho gia'o du.c gia ddi`nh Vie^.t Nam. Kho^ng mo^.t ngu+o+`i ngoa.i quo^'c na`o co' the^? am hie^?u ddu+o+.c gia' tri. cu?a ca^u tu.c ngu+~ nghi.ch thu+o+`ng na`y vi` ho. kho^ng la` ngu+o+`i Vie^.t, kho^ng mang do`ng ma'u va` kho^ng ddu+o+.c ha^'p thu. va(n ho'a Vie^.t. Ca^u no'i tuy nghi.ch thu+o+`ng nhu+ng bao ha`m su'c ti'ch nhu+~ng cha^n ly' gia'o du.c cho ba^'t cu+' da^n to^.c na`o. Ho+n nu+~a, lo^'i so^'ng, tu+ ca'ch con ngu+o+`i co' the^? pha^`n na`o so sa'nh vo+'i nghe^. thua^.t trang ddie^?m hay a(n ma(.c..., dda^u pha?i ba^'t cu+' ai ne^'u khoa'c le^n chie^'c a'o ma`u va`ng ru+.c ro+~ cu?a DDa('c Nha^n Ta^m hay ho+? na'ch cu?a La`m The^' Na`o DDe^? Tro+? Tha`nh Ngu+o+`iDDa`n Ba` Tuye^.t Vo+`i dde^`u tro+? ne^n duye^n da'ng ha^'p da^~n...! Chu'ng chi? la` nhu+~ng ddo^` trang su+'c ca^`n pha?i ddu+o+.c lu+.a cho.n cho tu`y ngu+o+`i, tu`y tru+o+`ng ho+.p dde^? phu` ho+.p vo+'i cuo^.c ddo+`i so^'ng ddo^.ng.

Tu+` kinh nghie^.m so^'ng; chu'ng ta suy ra trie^'t ly' so^'ng, va` trie^'t ly' so^'ng la.i ho^.i nha^.p ro^`i a?nh hu+o+?ng chi'nh cuo^.c so^'ng thu+o+`ng nga`y va` nhu+~ng the^' he^. tie^'p no^'i. Sa?n pha^?m cu?a trie^'t ly' thu+.c du.ng na`y no+i da^n to^.c Vie^.t Nam la` Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao, Phong Dao... Chu'ng ta bie^'t na(`m lo`ng kha' nhie^`u Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao. No'i ddu'ng ho+n, nhu+~ng ca^u no'i thu+o+`ng ti`nh ha(`ng nga`y, chu'ng ta ddang la(.p la.i Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao ma` kho^ng dde^? y'. Nhu+ the^', du`ng Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao dde^? minh chu+'ng gia' tri. ngu+o+`i Vie^.t kho^ng co' gi` ho+.p ti`nh va` ho+.p ly' ho+n.

Minh Hu+o+ng trong cuo^'n Hoa DDo^`ng Co? No^.i du`ng Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao vo+'i mu.c ddi'ch "ti`m ve^` nguo^`n co^.i" (tr. 9) "Gio+'i thie^.u... ca'i ddo^.c dda'o, ca'i cao dde.p, ca'i tha^m thu'y va` ca? muo^n va`n kinh nghie^.m xa'c thu+.c qui' ba'u chu+'a ddu+.ng trong nhu+~ng ba`i tho+ nho? mo^.t bo^. pha^.n cu?a ne^`n va(n chu+o+ng truye^`n mie^.ng" (tr. 7). Minh Hu+o+ng cho ra(`ng Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao, ne^`n thi ca truye^`n mie^.ng dda~ co' tu+` tho+`i la^.p quo^'c: "Nhu+ chu'ng ta dda~ bie^'t, va(n chu+o+ng truye^`n kha^?u dda~ xua^'t hie^.n ra^'t so+'m, va`o ca'i thuo+? bi`nh minh cu?a da^n to^.c mo+'i tha`nh hi`nh..." (tr. 8). Ta'c gia? cuo^'n Hoa DDo^`ng Co? No^.i ddu+a ra nha^.n xe't Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao la` mo^.t pha^`n va(n chu+o+ng bi`nh da^n (tr. 9) hay va(n chu+o+ng dda.i chu'ng (tr. 8) "do ta^.p the^? sa'ng ta'c, bo^? xung, su+?a chu+~a va` pho^? bie^'n lie^n tu.c." Ne^`n va(n chu+o+ng na`y "dda~ go'p pha^`n dda'nh nga~ ddu+o+.c cha'nh sa'ch ddo^`ng ho'a tha^m ddo^.c cu?a ngu+o+`i ngoa`i va` dda~ kie^n quye^'t ba?o to^`n ddu+o+.c ne^`n va(n ho'a da^n to^.c" (tr. 9). Ma(.c da^`u te^n go.i "va(n chu+o+ng da^n gian," ta'c gia? nha^.n xe't Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao "la` bo^. ba'ch khoa bi`nh da^n truye^`n mie^.ng. Trong khi go'p nha(.t, pha^n ti'ch, xe^'p loa.i va` ti`m hie^?u nhu+~ng ca^u tho+ truye^`n mie^.ng a^'y, chu'ng to^i vo^ cu`ng nga.c nhie^n ma` nha^.n tha^'y ne^`n Va(n chu+o+ng da^n gian dda~ dde^` ca^.p ga^`n ddu? ca'c nga`nh, ca'c khoa: Y Du+o+.c, Sinh ly', Canh no^ng, Nghe^` nghie^.p, Thie^n va(n, Va.n va^.t, Kinh te^', Di truye^`n, Ta^m ly', Pha^n ta^m v.v..." Theo Minh Hu+o+ng, Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao pha't xua^'t tu+` gio+'i bi`nh da^n: "Ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n thu+o+`ng ga^`n gu~i vo+'i thie^n nhie^n, tha'o va't vo+'i co^ng vie^.c lao ddo^.ng ha(`ng nga`y, kho^ng bi. tie^m nhie^~m sa^u sa('c mo^.t gia'o ly', mo^.t tu+ tu+o+?ng na`o trong sa'ch vo+? ne^n ho. ra^'t ddo^?i thu+.c te^' trong tu+ tu+o+?ng va` trong ca? ha`nh ddo^.ng nu+~a. So^'ng thi` ddo+n so+, no'i na(ng thi` bi`nh di. ne^n va(n chu+o+ng ddo^'i vo+'i ho. cu~ng pha?i 'Va(n hay cha(?ng lo. dda(.t da`i, vu+`a mo+? dda^`u ba`i dda~ bie^'t va(n hay.' Tha^.t the^', ho. co' thi` gio+` dda^u ma` 'con ca`, con ke^, con de^, con ngo^~ng' ho. chi? 'a(n mo^.t ddo.i, no'i mo^.t lo+`i.' No'i nhu+ the^', va(n cu?a ho. dda^u co' pha?i co^.c ca(`n, lu'ng tu'ng, tra'i la.i ho. ra^'t sa`nh so?i trong vie^.c lu+.a cho.n chi tie^'t thi'ch thu' dde^? lo^i cuo^'n ngu+o+`i nghe. Nhie^`u khi ho. la.i ta'o ba.o du`ng nhie^`u hi`nh thu+'c my~ tu+` dde^? ca^u tho+ tro^i cha?y mo^.t ca'ch duye^n da'ng y' nhi. ho+n" (tr.253).

Ba?o Va^n quan nie^.m Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao co' tru+o+'c tho+`i ky` Trung Hoa ddo^ ho^. va` do nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n die^~n ta? tu+ tu+o+?ng, ta^m ti`nh ba(`ng nhu+~ng ca^u va(n truye^`n mie^.ng: "Rie^ng ve^` ma(.t Va(n ho.c, To^? tie^n chu'ng ta dda~ ho.c chu+~ Nho, vie^'t chu+~ Nho, ha^'p thu. tu+ tu+o+?ng va` ho.c thua^.t cu?a bo.n ngu+o+`i tho^'ng tri.. Ma~i to+'i dda^`u The^' ky? thu+' 13 (ddo+`i nha` Tra^`n) mo+'i co' mo^.t so^' Nho sy~ Vie^.t Nam, mo^ pho?ng theo va(n tho+ chu+~ Ha'n ma` sa'ng ta'c ra mo^.t so^' thi ca ba(`ng chu+~ No^m. Tuy va^.y tru+o+'c ddo', nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n dda~ ddem tu+ tu+o+?ng, ta^m ti`nh cu?a mi`nh ra ma` die^~n ta? ba(`ng nhu+~ng ca^u va(n va^`n ro^`i truye^`n mie^.ng ddi vo+'i nhau. DDo' chi'nh la` hi`nh thu+'c dda^`u tie^n cu?a Tu.c Ngu+~ va` Ca Dao. Tra?i qua na(m, tha'ng, ca'c ca^u ddo' ddu+o+.c the^m bo+'t, su+?a chu+~a, go.t giu~a dde^? ro^`i to+'i nga`y nay, chu'ng ta dda~ co' mo^.t kho ta`ng vo^ cu`ng quy' gia' trong ne^`n Va(n ho.c Bi`nh da^n..." (Tu.c Ngu+~ Ca Dao va` Da^n Ca; tr.3).

No+i pha^`n "Nha^.n Xe't Chung ve^` Ca Dao," DDa`o Va^n Ho^.i cu~ng cho ra(`ng Ca Dao la` sa?n pha^?m cu?a da^n que^: "Ca dao tu+'c la` nhu+~ng ca^u ha't tho^ng thu+o+`ng cu?a da^n gian, la` sa?n pha^?m chung cu?a da^n to^.c, truye^`n tu.ng tu+` the^' he^. na`y sang the^' he^. kia, la` tie^'ng no'i cu?a ta^m ho^`n nam nu+~ o+? nhu+~ng no+i ddo^`ng lu'a, ru+`ng ru', nu'i ddo^`i" (Phong Tu.c Mie^`n Nam qua Ma^'y Va^`n Ca Dao; tr. 7). Nguye^~n Ta^'n Long va` Phan Canh co' ddo^`ng quan ddie^?m ve^` va(n ho.c bi`nh da^n nhu+ tie^'ng no'i pha?n a?nh cu?a gio+'i bi`nh da^n: "Tra'i ngu+o+.c vo+'i va(n ho.c ba'c ho.c, ne^`n va(n ho.c bi`nh da^n pha?n a?nh ta^m tu+ dda.i dda so^' qua^`n chu'ng nghe`o kho^?, do^'t na't, tie^'ng no'i cu?a ho. la` tie^'ng no'i chung cu?a lo+'p ngu+o+`i cu`ng so^'ng trong mo^.t hoa`n ca?nh, ma` cu~ng la` tie^'ng no'i cha^n tha`nh nha^'t cu?a mo^~i da^n to^.c trong sinh hoa.t xa~ ho^.i" (Thi Ca Bi`nh Da^n Vie^.t Nam; ta^.p 1; tr. 12).

Nguye^~n Hu+~u Nghi~a, Die^.u Ta^`n, Minh DDa.o, va` Trie^`u Khe^ trong nhu+~ng ba`i vie^'t no+i Nguye^.t San La`ng Va(n so^' 102 tha'ng 2 na(m 1993; Toronto, Canada co' nhu+~ng quan ddie^?m ho+i kha'c ve^` Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao. Theo Nguye^~n Hu+~u Nghi~a, "...be^n ca.nh ddo', va(n chu+o+ng truye^`n kha^?u la.i ra^'t phong phu', va` la` phu+o+ng tie^.n pho^? bie^'n mo^.t pha^`n ca'c sa'ng ta'c cu?a nha` nho..." (La`ng Va(n; so^' 102; "So+ Tha?o ve^` Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao;" tr. 12). Die^.u Ta^`n cho ra(`ng: "Kho^ng nhu+ va(n chu+o+ng ba'c ho.c, va(n thi si~ thu+o+`ng cho.n ca^u lu+.a chu+~ dde~o go.t lo+`i y' ra^'t chau chuo^'t; va(n chu+o+ng bi`nh da^n ddo+n gia?n, mo^.c ma.c nhu+ng kho^ng tho^ tu.c." (La`ng Va(n; so^' 102; tr. 41). No+i pha^`n cuo^'i ba`i vie^'t khi ddu+a le^n "ca'i kho^n, ca'i nghi.ch ngo+.m di' do?m cu?a pha'i nam," Die^.u Ta^`n vie^'t tie^'p: "Tuy la` tu+o+?ng tu+o+.ng nhu+ng anh no^ng da^n dda~ khe'o du`ng ngoa ngu+~ dde^? bie^?u lo^. ti`nh thu+o+ng ye^u..." (La`ng Va(n; so^' 102; 1993; "Nhu+~ng Chu+~ Ta`i Ti`nh Trong Ca Dao;" tr. 43). Co' the^? no'i Die^.u Ta^`n cu~ng ddo^`ng y' kie^'n Ca Dao pha't xua^'t tu+` gio+'i bi`nh da^n ma(.c da^`u quan nie^.m "Ca dao la` tho+ la` nha.c cu?a dda.i chu'ng ddu+o+.c ga.n lo.c qua nhie^`u va(n thi nha.c si~ khuye^'t danh" (tr. 41). So sa'nh mo^.t so^' ca^u Tu.c Ngu+~, Phong Dao ddu+o+.c pho^? bie^'n no+i mie^`n Nam va` mie^`n Ba('c Vie^.t Nam, Minh DDa.o xa'c quye^'t va(n chu+o+ng bi`nh da^n do ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n sa'ng ta'c: "Ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n mie^`n Nam du`ng nhie^`u ca^u, nhie^`u tie^'ng go^'c Ha'n ho+n ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n mie^`n Ba('c..." (La`ng Va(n; so^' 102; 1993; "Vai Tro` cu?a ca'c Tie^'ng, ca'c Ca^u Go^'c Ha'n trong Va(n Chu+o+ng Bi`nh Da^n VN;" tr. 45). Minh DDa.o ddu+a ra nha^.n xe't va(n chu+o+ng bi`nh da^n la` tha`nh lu~y nga(n cha^.n va(n ho'a Ha'n cho ne^n nga`y nay chu'ng ta co' ngo^n ngu+~ Vie^.t ma` kho^ng pha?i ho.c tie^'ng Ta`u: "Trong ga^`n 1000 na(m ddo^ ho^. ngu+o+`i Vie^.t, va(n ho'a Trung Hoa dda~ a?nh hu+o+?ng ra^'t sa^u dda^.m no+i trie^`u ddi`nh va` ca'c ta^`ng lo+'p si~ phu, nhu+ng la.i kho^ng tha^'m no^?i xuo^'ng ta^`ng lo+'p qua^`n chu'ng. Cuo^'i cu`ng ngu+o+`i Trung Hoa ba.i ca? ve^` qua^n su+. la^~n va(n ho'a. Nho+` the^' nga`y nay chu'ng ta mo+'i co' ngo^n ngu+~ va(n tu+. ma` no'i, ma` vie^'t, kho^ng ca^`n pha?i ho.c tie^'ng Ta`u." (tr. 47-48). Trong khi Trie^`u Khe^ la.i quan nie^.m ho+i kha'c qua ba`i vie^'t "Cu.-The^?-Ho'a va` Ki.ch-Ti'nh Trong Ca-Dao": "Tra'i vo+'i va(n chu+o+ng ba'c ho.c, va(n chu+o+ng qua^`n chu'ng la` ca dao, kho^ng ddu? tu+` ngu+~ tru+`u tu+o+.ng dde^? die^~n ta? y' ti`nh, cho ne^n ca'c ta'c gia? khuye^'t danh cu?a ca dao dda~ la^'y nhu+~ng gi` ta? thu+.c, co' ddu? ki'ch thu+o+'c ba chie^`u, dde^? ddu+a va`o nhu+~ng ca^u tho+ bi`nh di.."m (La`ng Va(n; so^' 102; tr. 48). Tuy the^', qua ba`i vie^'t, Trie^`u Khe^ cho ra(`ng hai dda(.c ti'nh cu. the^? ho'a va` ki.ch ti'nh cu?a Ca Dao co' the^? dda~ la` nguo^`n pha't xua^'t cho ca'c bo^. mo^n kha'c: "The^' mo+'i bie^'t, ngu+o+`i Vie^.t cha(?ng nhu+~ng dda~ gia`u ho^`n tho+, ma` ca-dao co`n co' ki.ch ti'nh. Co' le~ chi'nh vi` hai dda(.c-ti'nh na`y ma` sau ca-dao, ca'c bo^. mo^n ca nha.c ki.ch bi`nh da^n nhu+ tuo^`ng, che`o, ha't bo^., ca?i-lu+o+ng,... dda~ pha't-trie^?n ma.nh va` pho^?-bie^'n ra^'t nhanh" (tr. 51).

Xe't ve^` nguo^`n go^'c Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao, kho^ng ai co' the^? xa'c quye^'t ro~ ra`ng tu+` dda^u ra. No'i ra(`ng tu+` gio+'i da^n que^ "cha^n la^'m tay bu`n" no+i mie^`n ddo^`ng ruo^.ng hay nu+o+ng ra^~y co' cuo^.c so^'ng nghe`o na`n, suo^'t nga`y va^'t va? va^.t lo^.n vo+'i mie^'ng co+m manh a'o va` kho^ng bao gio+` co' co+ ho^.i dda(.t cha^n to+'i lo+'p ho.c, chi? qua lo+`i no'i ddo^'i dda'p tu+. nhie^n na^?y sinh tu+` ta^m ho^`n cha^'t pha'c mo^.c ma.c khi ddo^'i die^.n vo+'i ca?nh va^.t thie^n nhie^n ma` pha't sinh ra ddu+o+.c nhu+~ng ca^u no'i co' va^`n ddie^.u, mang y' nghi~a sa^u sa('c la` mo^.t ddie^`u pha?n tu+. nhie^n, kho^ng ho+.p ly' lua^.n, suy nghi~. Ho+n nu+~a, chu+~ "da^n gian" hay "bi`nh da^n" ddu+o+.c du`ng ghe'p chung vo+'i hai tie^'ng "va(n ho.c" kho^ng the^? ddu+o+.c hie^?u theo nghi~a chi? rie^ng cho lo+'p ngu+o+`i que^ mu`a mo^.c ma.c ma` bao go^`m ta^'t ca? da^n chu'ng tu+` gio+'i da^n que^ cha^'t pha'c to+'i nhu+~ng tha`nh pha^`n ho.c thu+'c khoa ba?ng bo+?i chu+~ "va(n ho.c" tu+. no' dda~ mang y' nghi~a nha^.n thu+'c va(n chu+o+ng. Thu+? xe't hai ca^u tie^'ng lo'ng "Bo? ddi Ta'm" va` "Cho ca'i bu'a" ddu+o+.c du`ng ra^'t thi.nh ha`nh va`o dda^`u tha^.p nie^n ba^?y mu+o+i cu?a the^' ky? hai mu+o+i, mang ca? mo^.t giai thoa.i xua^'t xu+' nhu+ng dda~ kho^ng ddu+o+.c xe^'p va`o va(n chu+o+ng bi`nh da^n do ti'nh cha^'t thie^'u pho^? qua't cu?a chu'ng. "Bo? ddi Ta'm" ba('t nguo^`n tu+` chu+o+ng tri`nh truye^`n thanh mang y' nghi~a "chuye^.n kho^ng ra gi` cha(?ng ne^n dde^? y' to+'i." "Cho ca'i bu'a" na^?y sinh tu+` nho'm li'nh ga'c dda'nh phe' (xi` to^') ba('t dda^`u tu+` lo^'i no'i die^~n ta? ho+n ke'm con ta^?y: "thua ti' li ta^y (gia`), ti' li dda^`m (ddi~)" trong tru+o+`ng ho+.p hai ngu+o+`i cho+i ba`i co' hai ddo^i gio^'ng nhau (cha(?ng ha.n hai ddo^i xi`) tre^n ma(.t ba`i ddu+o+.c la^.t ngu+?a. Vo+'i ti'nh cha^'t ly` lo+.m cu?a nhu+~ng tay thua ba.c lu'c cu`ng, cho du` ho+n ti' li ta^y hay ti' li dda^`m thi` cu~ng thua "ti' li vo^`" (cho^.p tie^`n ro^`i cha.y). Vo^` (danh tu+`) la` du.ng cu. du`ng dde^? dda^.p cha^n co^.t ba(`ng go^~ co' ca'n cho de^~ ca^`m. Vo^` va` cho^.p (ddo^.ng tu+`) du`ng trong ca^u no'i co' nghi~a tu+o+ng ddo^`ng chi? ha`nh ddo^.ng trong khi ca'i vo^` va` ca'i bu'a la` hai va^.t co' cu`ng co^ng du.ng dde^? dda^.p. Lo^'i die^~n ta? "Cho ca'i vo^`" hay "Cho ca'i bu'a" no+i kie^?u no'i tho^ng thu+o+`ng mang y' nghi~a kho^ng ddo^`ng y' tu`y theo tu+`ng tru+o+`ng ho+.p... DDa~ ddu+o+.c xu+? du.ng mo^.t ca'ch qua?ng ba' no+i da^n gian mie^`n Nam Vie^.t Nam tho+`i ddo' nhu+ng vi` kho^ng mang dda(.c ti'nh pho^? qua't cu?a ca^u no'i ne^n "Cho ca'i bu'a," "Bo? ddi Ta'm" bi. chi`m va`o la~ng que^n, kho^ng the^? so sa'nh vo+'i nhu+~ng ca^u mo^.c ma.c cha(?ng ha.n: "A(n nhu+ ho^?," "Me`o ca^.y cho' xo+i," "Ra^u o^ng ca('m ca(`m ba`," hay "Ao sa^u to^'t ca'" v.v... DDa(.t va^'n dde^` nhu+ the^', nhu+~ng ca^u Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao co' the^? co' xua^'t xu+' dda(.c bie^.t na`o ddo' dde^? ddu+o+.c truye^`n tu.ng ro^.ng ra~i nhu+ng nhu+~ng giai thoa.i xua^'t xu+' na`y kho^ng ddu+o+.c ghi che'p la.i. Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao co' the^? la` nhu+~ng ca^u no'i go.n ga`ng thua^.n va^`n lua^.t thi phu', tri'ch tu+` truye^.n hay va(n tho+. Cha(?ng ha.n ca^u: "Chu+a ddo^~ o^ng nghe`, dda~ dde ha`ng to^?ng" ddu+o+.c cho ra(`ng pha't xua^'t tu+` truye^.n ngu. ngo^n "Cho' DDa' Va^~y DDuo^i," hoa(.c ca^u "Chu+~ ta^m kia mo+'i ba(`ng ba chu+~ ta`i" la` ca^u trong DDoa.n Tru+o+`ng Ta^n Thanh. Nhu+~ng ca^u na`y ddu+o+.c da^n gian du`ng nhie^`u, die^~n ta? nga('n go.n nhu+ng ha`m chu+'a kha' dda^`y ddu? y' nghi~a ddo^`ng tho+`i ddo' cu~ng la` mo^.t ddie^`u ddu'ng pho^? qua't. Ho+n nu+~a, co' the^? so sa'nh Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao vo+'i lo^'i no'i ddie^?n ti'ch; ddie^?n ti'ch nha('c la.i y' ca^u truye^.n a'p du.ng trong tru+o+`ng ho+.p no'i dde^'n tu+o+ng ddu+o+ng vo+'i y' nghi~a a'm chi? cha^'t chu+'a no+i ca^u truye^.n; Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao no'i le^n ddie^`u chung ai cu~ng co' the^? nha^.n tha^'y.

Xe't ve^` nguo^`n go^'c Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao la.i ca^`n dda(.t va^'n dde^` ta.i sao ca^u no'i ddu+o+.c qua?ng ba' ro^.ng ra~i trong da^n gian. Mo^.t ddie^`u na`o ddo' muo^'n cho nhie^`u ngu+o+`i bie^'t to+'i ddo`i ho?i kho^ng nhu+~ng vi. the^' nguo^`n go^'c pho^? bie^'n ma` mo^i tru+o+`ng pho^? bie^'n ddo'ng vai tro` quan tro.ng kho^ng ke'm. Ne^'u ca^u no'i pha't xua^'t tu+` tru+o+`ng ho+.p ddo^'i dda'p giu+~a hai ngu+o+`i, la`m sao ke? kha'c co' the^? nha^.n ra va` ai dde^? y' ro^`i ddem pho^? bie^'n? Do ddo', mo^.t ddie^`u cha('c cha('n, Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao thoa.t dda^`u ddu+o+.c pho^? bie^'n ba('t nguo^`n tu+` nhu+~ng vi. the^' co' ta^`m a?nh hu+o+?ng dda.i chu'ng. DDo^`ng tho+`i ddie^`u kie^.n cho mo^.t ca^u no'i ddu+o+.c da^n gian ha^'p thu. ro^`i ddem ra xu+? du.ng ca^`n co' dda(.c ti'nh pho^? qua't ai cu~ng co' the^? nha^.n ra gia' tri. qua kinh nghie^.m so^'ng. Bao nhie^u va^`n tho+ y' nhi., bao nhie^u ba`i ha't xua^'t sa('c chi? ddu+o+.c nha^.n ra sau ca? mo^.t tho+`i gian da`i tru+o+'c khi ddu+o+.c ddem le^n ba'o chi' hay nhu+~ng chu+o+ng tri`nh va(n nghe^. hoa(.c ca'c phu+o+ng tie^.n truye^`n tho^ng dda.i chu'ng... Mo^.t ba'c no^ng da^n co' y' nghi~ tuye^.t vo+`i muo^'n ddem ra pho^? bie^'n pho?ng dda~ ddu+o+.c ai dde^? y'? Ro^`i co+ ho^.i na`o cho ba'c pho^? bie^'n tu+ tu+o+?ng mi`nh? Kie^'n thu+'c pho^? qua't dda^u cho ba'c co' tu+ tu+o+?ng phu` ho+.p dda.i chu'ng dde^? xe^'p tha`nh ca^u no'i cho co' va^`n ddie^.u de^~ nghe, de^~ nho+'...?

Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao thu+o+`ng du`ng ngo^n tu+` ddo+n gia?n mo^.c ma.c die^~n ta? nhu+~ng hi`nh a?nh ai cu~ng co' the^? nhi`n tha^'y no+i mie^`n tho^n que^ dde^? ddu+a le^n tie^'ng no'i ta^m ti`nh cu?a da^n Vie^.t ne^n dda~ bi. cho ra(`ng ddo' la` sa?n pha^?m cu?a gio+'i bi`nh da^n. Tra'i la.i, ddo.c nhu+~ng ca^u Tu.c Ngu+~, nhu+~ng va^`n Ca Dao, da^~u ddu+o+.c du`ng bo^'i ca?nh va` su+. vie^.c xa?y ra cho^'n da^n que^, nhu+~ng ca^u na`y va^~n ha`m chu+'a sa('c tha'i lua^n ly' sa^u dda^.m co' the^? no'i ddo' la` tu'i kho^n vo^ ta^.n cu?a mo^.t da^n to^.c; bo+?i va^.y cha(?ng la. gi` Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao dda~ ddu+o+.c na^ng le^n ha`ng "Kinh Vie^.t Nam." Xe't nhu+ the^', Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao du+o+'i hi`nh thu+'c tho+ va(n hoa(.c ve` v.v... pha?i la` sa?n pha^?m cu?a gio+'i thu+'c gia?, tu+'c ca?nh sinh ti`nh trong nha^.n thu+'c lua^n ly'. Thu+? ho?i la`m sao gio+'i bi`nh da^n kho^ng ho.c ha`nh co' co+ ho^.i no'i le^n ddu+o+.c ca?m nha^.n "La`m gia`u co' so^', a(n co^~ co' pha^`n"? Da^~u tin va`o Tro+`i, da^~u kinh nghie^.m "So^' kho' la`m cha(?ng ne^n gia^`u," nhu+ng du+.a va`o dda^u la`m go^'c ga'c cho ca^u no'i hoa`n chi?nh go.n ga`ng dde^'n ddo^. du` the^m vo^ ba^'t cu+' chu+~ na`o cu~ng thu+`a hoa(.c bo? bo+'t chi? da^'u pha^?y dda~ la` mo^.t su+. thie^'u so't kho^ng the^? cha^'p nha^.n. Ho+n nu+~a, xe't ti'nh cha^'t ca^u tu.c ngu+~ "La`m gia`u co' so^', a(n co^~ co' pha^`n," gio+'i bi`nh da^n sao co' the^? dda(.t va^'n dde^` a(n co^~ co' pha^`n no+i he^. tho^'ng la`ng xa~ nga`y xu+a. Mo+'i chi? thoa'ng qua nha^.n xe't ddo+n gia?n na`y dda~ co' the^? no'i Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao la` sa?n pha^?m cu?a y' thu+'c lua^n ly' cao ddo^. ddu+o+.c pha't xua^'t tu+` ta^m ho^`n va(n chu+o+ng thi phu' lo^`ng trong bo^'i ca?nh so^'ng da^n que^ giu'p cho ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n de^~ nho+' dde^? truye^`n dda.t... hay no'i ca'ch kha'c, mo^.t thu+' va(n chu+o+ng truye^`n kha^?u, mo^.t loa.i kinh ddi sa^u ta^.n lo`ng da^n to^.c... no'i le^n ta^m ti`nh, lua^n ly', trie^'t ly' so^'ng, ca'ch xu+? the^' ma` da^n Vie^.t ne^n theo cu~ng nhu+ tri`nh ba`y thu+.c tra.ng ta^m ly' con ngu+o+`i va` cuo^.c so^'ng.

DDu+o+.c go.i la` va(n chu+o+ng bi`nh da^n bo+?i du`ng bo^'i ca?nh mie^`n da^n que^, Tu.c Ngu+~, Ca Dao kho^ng mang ti'nh cha^'t bi`nh da^n chu't na`o; co' cha(ng ca'ch du`ng chu+~ chi'nh xa'c la.i phu` ho+.p vo+'i lua^.t ba(`ng tra('c cu?a tho+ khie^'n cho va^`n ddie^.u ddo^'i u+'ng ho`a ho+.p ddo^`ng tho+`i ha`m chu+'a nha^.n thu+'c sa^u xa ne^n co' the^? du`ng trong nhie^`u tru+o+`ng ho+.p. Cha(?ng ha.n ca^u ca dao: "Ba^`u o+i thu+o+ng la^'y bi' cu`ng, tuy ra(`ng kha'c gio^'ng nhu+ng chung mo^.t gia`n." Hai chu+~ "ba^`u" va` "bi'" mang ti'nh ca'ch dda.i die^.n pho^? qua't cho nhie^`u phe pha'i ddo^'i nghi.ch. Tie^'ng "o+i" nha^n ca'ch ho'a gio+'i "ba^`u, bi'," va` ne^'u kho^ng co' ta^`m nhi`n bao qua't du+.a tre^n lo`ng nha^n ha^.u, thu+o+ng ye^u pha dda(.c ne't ga^`n gu~i nhu+ng xo't xa vi` thu+.c tra.ng xa~ ho^.i sao co' the^? dda(.t va`o mie^.ng tie^'ng "o+i" sinh ddo^.ng ho'a, than tho+?, nhu+ng nhe. nha`ng tri`u me^'n na`y? Ho+n nu+~a, ddo^'i vo+'i gio+'i bi`nh da^n trong mo^.t co+ ca^'u xa~ ho^.i ddu+o+.c dda(.t du+o+'i quan nie^.m so^'ng ho`a ho+.p theo thu+' tu+. lo+'p lang cu?a "Tam Cu+o+ng, Ngu~ Thu+o+`ng va` Tam To`ng, Tu+' DDu+'c," lo^'i ddo^'i xu+?, sinh hoa.t ddu+o+.c khuo^n ma^~u ho'a theo nhu+~ng ta^.p tu.c xa~ ho^.i cu~ng nhu+ gia'o ddie^`u lua^n ly', con da^n chi? co' the^? nghi~ to+'i nhu+~ng gi` pha?i theo, nhu+~ng le^. pha?i giu+~ do ddo' bi. a?nh hu+o+?ng no+i ca'ch pha't bie^?u. Ca^u ca dao, "Ba^`u o+i thu+o+ng la^'y bi' cu`ng, tuy ra(`ng kha'c gio^'ng nhu+ng chung mo^.t gia`n" kho^ng ddu+o+.m du` chi? pha?ng pha^'t ti'nh cha^'t gia'o ddie^`u pha?i theo ma` ngu+o+.c la.i no'i le^n su+. dde^` nghi. go+.i y'. Le~ ta^'t nhie^n, xe't theo ta^m ly' chung, kho^ng ai muo^'n "bi." hoa(.c "pha?i" la`m theo mo^.t ddie^`u gi`, hay trong tru+o+`ng ho+.p cha(?ng dda(.ng ddu+`ng pha?i theo mo^.t khuo^n ma^~u na`o ddo' thi` cu~ng chi? la` mie^~n cu+o+~ng. Ca^u ca dao thoa.t nghe mang ti'nh cha^'t mo+ ma`ng cu?a le~ "ne^n" la.i bao dung kho^ng ba('t buo^.c dde^? ngu+o+`i nghe tu+. hu+o+'ng lo`ng cha^'p nha^.n. Bi`nh thu+o+`ng trong khuo^n ma^~u lua^n ly', hai chu+~ "thu+o+ng la^'y" hay ddu+o+.c du`ng theo lo^'i bi`nh da^n "pha?i thu+o+ng" hoa(.c la` "ne^n thu+o+ng." Thoa.t nghe "Ba^`u o+i thu+o+ng la^'y bi' cu`ng" ai kho^ng ca?m tha^'y ca^u no'i ddo+n so+ co' gio.ng ddie^.u a a' pha't xua^'t tu+. lo^'i no'i da^n que^ nhu+ "O^ng pha?i, o^ng ne^n mua la^'y, gia`nh la^'y, ddo`i la^'y..." DDa`ng na`y ddo^.ng tu+` "thu+o+ng la^'y" ddu+o+.c ddi lie^`n theo lo+`i mo+`i go.i "ba^`u o+i" mang ti'nh cha^'t tho^i thu'c dda'nh ddo^.ng ta^m ho^`n chu+' kho^ng bo' buo^.c, ba('t la`m theo khie^'n ngu+o+`i nghe co' khuynh hu+o+'ng chie^`u theo ma` kho^ng co' y' nghi~ pha?n kha'ng vo^ ti`nh thu+o+`ng co' no+i lo^'i no'i bi`nh da^n luo^n luo^n ke`m theo tie^'ng "pha?i" hoa(.c dde^? y' cho li.ch su+. ho+n thi` tie^'ng "ne^n" hay "ca^`n".

Nhu+ the^', da^~u ca^u lu.c ba't "Ba^`u o+i thu+o+ng la^'y bi' cu`ng, tuy ra(`ng kha'c gio^'ng nhu+ng chung mo^.t gia`n" tuy du`ng nhu+~ng chu+~ bi`nh di., ddu+o+.c pha't sinh tu+` ca?m u+'ng tu+'c ca?nh no+i mo^.t gia`n ba^`u bi' cu`ng leo nhu+ng mang dda^`y hu`ng khi' cu?a mo^.t si~ phu ta^m can na(.ng no+. vo+'i ti`nh tu+. que^ hu+o+ng. Bi`nh thu+o+`ng, khi no'i dde^'n hai tie^'ng que^ hu+o+ng, ngu+o+`i ta chi? co' the^? nghi~ to+'i no+i "cho^n nhau ca('t ro^'n" ddu+o+.c go.i la` la`ng, xa~, hay cu`ng la('m la` mie^`n, vu`ng mi`nh o+?. DDa`ng na`y, ta'c gia? ca^u ca dao dda~ co' ca'i nhi`n vu+o+.t ha(?n quan nie^.m bi`nh thu+o+`ng ma` ddo^`ng ho'a chie^'c gia`n vo+'i mo^.t quo^'c gia trong ddo' ba^`u va` bi' tu+o+.ng tru+ng cho nhu+~ng nho'm ddo^'i nghi.ch tranh gia`nh dde^? ro^`i tu+` ddo' vo^ ti`nh hay hu+~u y' mang a^?n y' the^m nghi~a xa^y du+.ng no+i ddo^.ng tu+. "thu+o+ng" cho dda^'t nu+o+'c ddu+o+.c a'm chi? bo+?i chie^'c gia`n. Gio+'i na`o co' the^? nhi`n chie^'c gia`n ba^`u, gia`n bi' lie^n tu+o+?ng to+'i gia?i so+n ha`? Gio+'i na`o mo+'i co' the^? ca?m nha^.n ddu+o+.c nie^`m ddau tranh gia`nh cu?a ca'c phe pha'i trong mo^.t quo^'c gia...?

Thu+? xe't the^m ca^u: "DDa^`u ngo`i co' con ba ba, ke? go.i con tra.nh, ngu+o+`i la con ru`a." Mo+'i thoa.t nghe, ca^u lu.c ba't co' ve? ra^'t ta^`m thu+o+`ng va` hie^?n nhie^n theo kinh nghie^.m so^'ng ha(`ng nga`y. Nhu+ng ne^'u dda(.t va^'n dde^` ta.i sao la.i ddu+a le^n su+. nha^.n ddi.nh kha'c bie^.t ve^` mo^.t con ba ba qua nhu+~ng te^n go.i kho^ng gio^'ng nhau, ca^u ca dao mang y' nghi~a ro^.ng lo+'n ho+n. So^'ng trong vu`ng ga^`n dda^`u ngo`i, ngu+o+`i da^n ta^'t nhie^n ra^'t quen thuo^.c vo+'i nhu+~ng lo+`i no'i thu+o+`ng du`ng hoa(.c te^n ca'c con va^.t, ca^y co?, ddi.a danh hay tie^'ng lo'ng; nhu+ va^.y con ba ba va` con ru`a cha(?ng co' gi` la. lu`ng ddo^'i vo+'i da^n chu'ng co' cuo^.c so^'ng nghe`o na`n pha?i mo` cua ba('t o^'c kie^'m the^m thu+.c pha^?m phu. thuo^.c la`m ddo^` a(n vo+'i co+m ga.o. Ho?i thu+? ba^'t cu+' ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n na`o so^'ng no+i mie^.t ddo^`ng ruo^.ng, ho. se~ no'i cho bie^'t ne^'u con ba ba dda~ ca('n thi` du` co' sa^'m se't no^?i le^n cu~ng kho^ng nha? hoa(.c muo^'n "thi.t" ba ba pha?i la`m sao, na^'u ba ba ca^`n nhu+~ng gi`, a(n ddu+o+.c nhu+~ng pha^`n na`o, hay mu con ru`a kha'c mu con ba ba the^' na`o. Nhu+ the^', no+i mie^`n que^, ne^'u co' con ba ba o+? dda^`u ngo`i chu+a cha('c dda~ co' tie^'ng ddo^`n cho ngu+o+`i kha'c bie^'t ma` ngu+o+.c la.i chi? co' tie^'ng ddo^`n ai dda~ ba('t ddu+o+.c con ba ba a^'y ve^` la`m thi.t.

Va^.y ta.i sao la.i dda(.t va^'n dde^` "ke? go.i con tra.nh, ngu+o+`i la con ru`a?" Va` du` cho no' la` con ba ba hay la` con gi` ddi nu+~a thi` co' chi dda'ng no'i. The^' ne^n ca^u ca dao nha^'n ma.nh no+i pha^`n ta'm chu+~ ke? no'i la` con na`y va` ngu+o+`i tuye^n bo^' con kia, to? ra mi`nh bie^'t nhu+ng bie^'t tra^.t bo+?i no' cha(?ng pha?i la` con tra.nh cu~ng kho^ng pha?i la` con ru`a. Ta^'t nhie^n, ddie^`u a'm chi? cu?a ca^u ca dao "DDa^`u ngo`i co' con ba ba, ke? go.i con tra.nh, ngu+o+`i la con ru`a" kho^ng ddu+o+.c du`ng cho gio+'i da^n que^ mo^.c ma.c ma` mang ti'nh cha^'t die^~u co+.t nha.o cu+o+`i nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i co^? vo~ cho ddie^`u mi`nh kho^ng bie^'t... Xe't ve^` lo^'i du`ng chu+~, hai ca(.p "ke? go.i, ngu+o+`i la," kho^ng mang ti'nh cha^'t bi`nh da^n cu?a ngu+o+`i mie^.t vu+o+`n tu+o+.c, ddo^`ng ruo^.ng chu't na`o. "Ke? go.i" va` "ngu+o+`i la" mang cu`ng mo^.t y' nghi~a nhu+ng ddo^'i nhau chi?nh va^.n nhu+ hai tha`nh pha^`n cha(?ng ddo^.i tro+`i chung, kho^ng pha?i la` lo^'i no'i tho^ng thu+o+`ng la.i ngu+o+.c ca'ch pha't bie^?u cu?a ngu+o+`i da^n que^. Ca^u ca dao lu.c ba't ddu+o+.c ba^.c thu+'c gia? du`ng bo^'i ca?nh no+i mie^`n que^ dde^? die^~u co+.t ve^` ddie^`u chu+o+'ng tai gai ma('t no+i nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i mie^.ng ho^ ha`o, tuye^n bo^' mo^.t ca'ch ddao to bu'a lo+'n, hay la.m du.ng chuye^.n gi` vo+'i mu+u ddo^` tha^`m ki'n na`o ddo'. The^' mo+'i bie^'t, ngu+o+`i xu+a no'i va^.y, nhu+ng mang y' tu+' bao ha`m chu+a cha('c dda~ va^.y... Ca'ch du`ng chu+~ ddo+n so+ ghe'p y' nhe. nha`ng la.i tha^m thu'y ddi sa^u va`o ta^m ly' con ngu+o+`i mo.i tho+`i mo.i no+i pha?i la` sa?n pha^?m tu+` nhu+~ng bo^. o'c tuye^.t vo+`i cu?a gio+'i si~ phu thu+'c tho+`i la(n lo'c kinh nghie^.m ddo+`i.

Xe't ve^` dda(.c ti'nh cu?a tho+ va(n hay gia?ng thuye^'t, chi? nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i thu+.c su+. am tu+o+`ng mo^.t va^'n dde^` na`o ddo' mo+'i co' the^? die^~n ta? ba(`ng nhu+~ng lo+`i no'i ddo+n gia?n, bi`nh di. ai cu~ng co' the^? hie^?u ddu+o+.c. Ngu+o+`i na`o ca`ng du`ng nhu+~ng lo+`i ddao to bu'a lo+'n hoa(.c sa'o ngu+~ bao nhie^u ca`ng kho^ng hie^?u ro~ ddie^`u mi`nh no'i ba^'y nhie^u. Ho+n nu+~a, su+. ca?m nha^.n tra.ng tha'i lua^n ly' hay tu+ tu+o+?ng qua du+~ kie^.n thu+.c ta.i ddu+o+.c pha't xua^'t tu+` ta^m ho^`n chu+' kho^ng do mu+'c ddo^. tha(ng hoa hoa(.c uo^'n na('n du+~ kie^.n. DDu+a le^n hi`nh a?nh tu+. nhie^n mo^.t ca'ch ddo+n so+ "Tung ta(ng nhu+ ca' trong lo+`" ai cu~ng co' the^? nha^.n tha^'y dde^? ro^`i no'i le^n nha^.n thu+'c ve^` hoa`n ca?nh na`o ddo' no+i cuo^.c ddo+`i "Trong kho^ng ra ddu+o+.c ngoa`i ngo+` ra(`ng vui" kho^ng the^? ddu+o+.c cho la` ddo+n so+, cha^'t pha'c, mo^.c ma.c, ddo+n gia?n, bi`nh da^n, bi`nh di., v.v... Du`ng du+~ kie^.n ddo+n so+ no'i le^n qua lo+`i mo^.c ma.c, bi`nh di. dde^? die^~n gia?i nha^.n thu+'c lua^n ly', ta^m ly'... cuo^.c ddo+`i nhu+ the^' mo+'i thu+.c su+. chu+'ng to? ta`i na(ng va(n chu+o+ng tuye^.t vo+`i cu?a ha`ng thu+'c gia?. Kho^ng de^~ gi` hie^?u no^?i hai chu+~ "bi`nh da^n" hoa(.c "da^n gian."

La~ Mo^.ng Thu+o+`ng

Mu.c Lu.c Go'c Tro+`i Que^ Hu+o+ng


Mu.c Lu.c

Trang Chi'nh Suo^'i Nguo^`n

Nhu+~ng Tuye^?n Ta^.p DDa~ Pha't Ha`nh


Tuye^?n Ta^.p Tho+ Va(n - Suo^'i Nguo^`n

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